冲突与政治刺杀：二战后日本反美运动

2014-12-29 08:15

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标签：日本美军

上个世纪五六十年代，反对和赞成安保条约，曾是日本社会最主要话题，引发了大量示威、斗争。无论是日本的政界朝野，还是民众，都爆发冲突，人称“六零年的安保斗争，几乎造成日本的分裂”。美驻军一直有严重的纪律问题。点击看更多军事历史内容

冲突与政治刺杀：二战后日本反美运动

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                "prevue": "上个世纪五六十年代，反对和赞成安保条约，曾是日本社会最主要话题，引发了大量示威、斗争。无论是日本的政界朝野，还是民众，都爆发冲突，人称“六零年的安保斗争，几乎造成日本的分裂”。美驻军一直有严重的纪律问题。<a href=＂http://war.163.com/special/mh/＂>点击看更多军事历史内容</a>",
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                   "note": "上个世纪五六十年代，反对和赞成安保条约，曾是日本社会最主要话题，引发了大量示威、斗争。无论是日本的政界朝野，还是民众，都爆发冲突，人称“六零年的安保斗争，几乎造成日本的分裂”。美驻军一直有严重的纪律问题。图为五十年代日本警察在救一名被愤怒群众抛入水池的美国兵。",
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                   "note": "在安保条约生效前，日本民众和美军的冲突就很多。这是1958年8月，日本内滩民众反对美军建立靶场的抗议活动，可以看到当时的日本警察依然穿着旧式服装。这场斗争以靶场依然建立，但只使用三年结束。",
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                   "note": "1958年5月，反对美军建立靶场的居民穿着古代的服装进行“印第安人”式的抗议，可以看到伴随控制的美军人员。",
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                   "note": "1955至1956年，东京下砂川町居民反对美军基地扩建的示威抗议，和以往采取比较温和态度的情况不同，这次美军要求强硬，迫使日本政府派人强行测量圈地，结果造成严重流血事件，受伤者1000人以上，也让认为美国人尊重民主自由不会强行对应示威活动的日本国民大跌眼镜。",
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                   "note": "不过安保条约签订之前，自居战败国的日本在面对美国驻军问题时总的来说态度温和，双方合作也不少。这是日本女飞行员横山1956年获准驾驶美军T-33教练机升空，成为日本第一名喷气式飞机女性驾驶员。",
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                   "note": "驻日美军带来的工作机会中，也包括性服务的部分。最初，日本提供国立“慰安机构”给美军服务，在罗斯福夫人的反对下，改为划立“红线区”由经营者自行开业，顾客最初主要是美军人员。这是红灯区妓女在进行性病检查。",
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                   "note": "而从1959年开始讨论的“重修日美安保条约”，使驻日美军问题成为日本社会的焦点。日本人纷纷认为如果能够就此废除日美安保条约，则会成为重新界定日美关系，恢复主权的一个契机。这是1959年8月，日本的母亲们唱着“阻止改订安保条约”的歌谣在东京街头游行。",
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                   "note": "评论称“这一问题使日本社会发生了分裂”。不过，最初的示威活动还是比较柔和的。日本各阶层纷纷组成自己的组织，上街游行，抗议签订新的安保条约。",
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                   "note": "1960年1月15日，岸信介首相前往美国参加新安保条约草约签订仪式，700名学生到羽田空港静坐抗议，与警方发生冲突。此后，在日比谷公园爆发了两万人的大规模集会。1月24日首相岸信介出席自民党支持签订新安保条约的酒会，称这一条约是“保护和平与自由的条约”。",
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                   "note": "安保条约签字的消息传出，日本各大学纷纷出动游行，打出了要求岸信介辞职的标语。日本国会朝野就是否批准这一条约，也发生了激烈的争论。月20日，自民党在美国方面的压力下，不顾民众反对在众议院利用席位优势强行通过条约。",
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                ,
                {
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                   "note": "社会党对此坚决反对，被召唤来的警察驱逐出议会，这个惊人的举动使此后日本议会暂时瘫痪。有人反对有人赞成，1月24日首相岸信介出席自民党支持签订新安保条约的酒会,称这一条约是“保护和平与自由的条约”。",
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                ,
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                   "note": "日本国会朝野就是否批准这一条约，也发生了激烈的争论。",
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                ,
                {
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                   "note": "4月28日，日本国内交到众议院议长清濑手中，反对签订新安保条约的请愿书已经达到1350万份。图为堆积如山的请愿书。",
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                   "note": "5月20日，自民党在美国方面的压力下，不顾民众反对在众议院利用席位优势强行通过条约。社会党对此坚决反对，被召唤来的警察驱逐出议会，这个惊人的举动使此后日本议会暂时瘫痪。",
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                ,
                {
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                   "note": "愤怒的示威者认为政府无视国民的声音，从21日开始包围国会，要求召开“国民会议”重新讨论安保问题，26日，围攻日本国会的示威者达到11万多人。",
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                   "note": "5月20日当天，日本国会周围有三万人发动提灯游行，政府出动装甲车警戒。",
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                   "note": "随着抗议活动的激化，警察与示威者的冲突愈演愈烈。这是警察在对国会前静坐示威者进行搜查。",
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                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKAC9CN4T8E0001",
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                   "note": "自民党强行通过安保条约，引发抗议者极大不满，当天，出现了冲击国会的浪潮。",
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                   "note": "日本政界也针锋相对，社会党成为示威者的中心，并呼吁岸信介辞职。岸信介，曾是操纵伪满洲国的五人帮之一，人称满洲之妖。甲级战犯，他曾担任过三年多的内阁总理大臣。通过了日美安保条约，他还是战后首开敌视新中国先河的人物，也是引导安倍晋三走上了“右倾”的道路。",
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                   "note": "对于安保条约，也有很多人抱支持态度，认为客观上它有利于日本。6月10日，美国特使哈卡比到达日本与日本政府讨论安保问题，当时前来“欢迎”和“抗议”的人群混杂在一起，使其寸步难移。",
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                   "note": "6月10日，美国特使哈卡比到达日本与日本政府讨论安保问题，当时前来“迎”和“抗议”的人群混杂在一起，使其寸步难移。图为被困车中的哈卡奇一行。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKACCAE4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACCAE4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACCAE4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACCAE4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACCAE4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "美军被迫动用了直升机，在哈卡奇的汽车前20米处降落，才将其“抢”到美国大使馆。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKACD3D4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACD3D4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACD3D4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACD3D4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACD3D4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "6月15日，感到对美国没有办法的示威者转回国会，继续对日本政府进行斗争，并试图突入国会内，与警察发生对峙。主导这次冲击的是左翼组织全学联",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKACDOR4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACDOR4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACDOR4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACDOR4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACDOR4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "当日下午五点，右翼组织维新行动队也开始冲击国会，350名队员中，有120名成功冲入。结果，与部署在那里的警方行动队发生冲突，包括多名女明星在内的数十人负伤。安保条约同时遭到左翼和右翼激进组织的攻击，在日本政坛颇属罕见",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKACEGN4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACEGN4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACEGN4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACEGN4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACEGN4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "下午6时后，形势愈演愈烈，为反对安保条约冲击国会的示威者遭到警察的水枪攻击。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKACF7M4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACF7M4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACF7M4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACF7M4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACF7M4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "警察和示威者随即发生大混战。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKACFVM4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACFVM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACFVM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACFVM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACFVM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "冲突中，很多示威者和警察受伤，一名女大学生桦美智子受伤后死亡，这一天因此被称为“血的抗议日”。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKACGKP4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACGKP4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACGKP4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACGKP4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACGKP4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "次日，一场大雨让示威者的激情稍稍收敛，但仍有数万人围在国会周围抗议。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKACHFM4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACHFM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACHFM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACHFM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACHFM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "6月16日，日本首相岸信介被迫表示推迟与艾森豪威尔将军的会见，似有对安保条约重新商订的含义。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKACI5M4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACI5M4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACI5M4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACI5M4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACI5M4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "此后数日，日本各地有五十多处发生大规模集会抗议，中心仍然在国会周围，19日，在国会就有33万余人。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKACISD4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACISD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACISD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACISD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACISD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "但与此同时，《日美安保条约》却按照当时日本的法律“自然生效”。6月23日，日本外相藤山与美国驻日本大使小麦克阿瑟正式签署了这一条约。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKACJLM4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACJLM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACJLM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACJLM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACJLM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "岸信介随即宣布辞职。无论吉田茂（二战后曾任日本首相）还是岸信介，都很清楚当时日美的地位关系之下，不签订这一条约是不可能的。美国不会因为日本民众的反对而改变其全球战略。所以，夹在中间的岸信介只好充当“恶人”的角色了。接替他的是他的亲兄弟佐藤荣男。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKACKA34T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACKA34T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACKA34T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACKA34T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACKA34T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "但是，岸信介无法洗刷自己签订安保条约的“恶名”，一个月以后，右翼刺客将其刺成重伤。尽管未能阻止安保条约的签订，但是签订条约的首相毕竟下台了，反对安保条约的抗议至此才慢慢平息。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKACL4J4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACL4J4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACL4J4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACL4J4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACL4J4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "安保条约签订后，美国核潜艇海蛇号进入日本港口。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKACLPN4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACLPN4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACLPN4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACLPN4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACLPN4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "日本成为美军在远东地区最稳定的基地。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKACMJH4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACMJH4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACMJH4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACMJH4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACMJH4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "每一次安保条约出现修订的时候，日本方面依然是抗议不断。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKACNAG4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACNAG4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACNAG4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACNAG4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACNAG4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "浅沼稻次郎（1898～1960）日本社会党领导人。反对《日美安保条约》，在中日建交前就多次率团访问中国，曾提出“美帝国主义是日中两国共同敌人”的口号。遭到右翼分子的嫉恨。在1960年10月12日被右翼分子山口二矢刺杀。成为战后第一个被杀害的日本政治家。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AEKACO1B4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACO1B4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACO1B4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACO1B4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-12-29/AEKACO1B4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "但是，无论是朝鲜战争还是越南战争，每一次，都给日本带来了大笔的订单。一方面是扰民的美军基地，一方面是经济借此而腾飞，日本人对于安保条约的感情之复杂，也就可想而知了。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
            ]
        }