不朽的遗体：列宁遗体保存风波

2015-01-28 09:25

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标签：列宁遗体

时至今日，红场上的列宁墓依然如故，水晶棺内的遗体未曾离开地下墓宫，就像高大的列宁塑像仍旧矗立在圣彼得堡市政府所在地、矗立在当年十月革命的指挥地斯摩尔尼宫广场上一样。点击看更多军事历史内容

不朽的遗体：列宁遗体保存风波

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                "prevue": "时至今日，红场上的列宁墓依然如故，水晶棺内的遗体未曾离开地下墓宫，就像高大的列宁塑像仍旧矗立在圣彼得堡市政府所在地、矗立在当年十月革命的指挥地斯摩尔尼宫广场上一样。<a href=＂http://war.163.com/special/mh/＂>点击看更多军事历史内容</a>",
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                   "note": "自苏联解体后，俄罗斯围绕列宁墓去留的争论就没有停止过。",
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                   "note": "1924年1月26日，苏共第二次代表大会作出决定：列宁陵墓建于红场克里姆林宫墙边，与十月革命阵亡将士公墓在一起。",
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                   "note": "东正教传统一直都有种“圣尸崇拜”的情结，尸身不朽是东正教的封圣标准之一。俄国圣徒谢尔盖·拉多涅日斯基和谢拉菲姆·萨罗夫主教的干尸都被当作圣物保存；魔僧拉斯普廷的尸体也做过防腐处理，但二月革命后被烧了。",
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                   "note": "于是，苏联了成立列宁遗体保存专家小组，专门负责遗体防腐研究并限时三个月完成任务时，绝大多数医生、专家都犹豫起来，他们担心试验万一失败会遭不测，纷纷借故推脱。惟独生物化学家，犹太籍的兹巴尔斯基接手了这项史无前例的工作。",
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                   "note": "为了尽快得到一个理想的处理方案，他使用不同方法在几具不同年龄的男女尸体上作试验，谁知一次次的试验都告失败。一个月过去了，列宁的皮肤开始起皱，身躯略有走样。",
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                   "note": "哈尔科夫大学的解剖学教授沃洛比约夫闻讯赶来相助。，他们以此为借鉴，日以继夜反复试验，一种神奇的药液终于产生。兹巴尔斯基和沃洛比约夫先将遗体解剖、清除内脏，接着将药液注射入周身血管，以便在抑制细菌的同时，用溶液取代肌肉组织里的水分。",
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                   "note": "列宁陵墓的设计与遗体防腐研究同步进行。最初的“陵墓”实际上是一座白色的木质结构厅堂。",
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                   "note": "1925年底，苏共中央向全国发出重新建造的倡议。据档案记载，当时共收到百余份千姿百态的设计方案。",
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                   "note": "如陵墓应该充分体现全党时时刻刻团结在领袖周围的主题，将其建成高26层的塔形建筑物，内设党中央和部长会议各大机构，塔顶安置巨型探照灯，以象征列宁巍然屹立，光辉永存。",
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                   "note": "又如陵墓应反映列宁的世界意义，将其建造成地球状，让巨型列宁像高高矗立;建成巴黎埃菲尔铁塔型，反映无产阶级革命的最终胜利。",
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                   "title": "",
                   "note": "这一切客观上给人以与其说建列宁墓，不如说是建教堂的感觉，不同的只是把十字架换成了红五星，耶稣像换成了列宁像而已。最后，斯大林决定仍由构思木“陵墓”的休泽夫出主意。目前的赭红大理石陵墓便是休泽夫的杰作。",
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                   "note": "在苏联时期，每天从清晨起，红场上始终站满参谒的行列，周围肃静得几乎听不到一点声音。时至今日，只要陵墓开放，瞻仰者在门前排起的长龙依然如故。",
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                   "note": "列宁遗体被安放在精致的水晶棺内，他安详地闭着双眼，一手握拳，一手随意地搁在胸前，人们甚至能看清他脸上的皮肤毛孔。",
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                   "note": "为了让列宁永葆生前模样，为了让这具尸体必须永存，70多年来，耗去了几乎三代科学家无以估量的精力和心血，苏联政府更是像致力于航天、核武器研究一样不惜工本，不计代价。",
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                   "note": "别的不说，光为了保证棺内始终保持摄氏16度恒温、湿度不超过70%这一项，便需要由12名生物医学家组成专门实验室进行24小时不间断的护理。防腐秘方的研制也一直属于国家一级机密，尖端科技项目。",
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                   "note": "1941年苏联卫国战争打响，由于受战火影响，遗体保存专家小组不可能按标准要求将遗体始终保持低温。1943年12月，遗体开始腐烂，即便搬迁到地下室，也无济于事。专家只得忍痛截去列宁的一条腿和部分左肢，以人造假肢代替。",
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                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSFN9B4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "1945年3月，列宁遗体从秋明重返莫斯科时，参观者只是感到他的容貌似乎比去世时还年轻，却不会发现深色西服里的肢体实况。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AGDSFP8J4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSFP8J4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSFP8J4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSFP8J4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSFP8J4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "战后几十年来列宁的遗体究竟又是怎样保护的呢医学教授德尼索夫说，每星期一和星期五列宁遗体都要进行两小时的护理保养。德尼索夫先要换上白大褂，将涂了香料的列宁遗体运入消毒室，而后借助显微镜进行常规检查。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AGDSFR7U4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSFR7U4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSFR7U4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSFR7U4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSFR7U4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "据德尼索夫说，遗体上出现任何细小蚀变，必须征得卫生部同意，才能作出处理，哪怕是极小的组织移植手术也不例外。检查完毕后，负责室温和湿度的工程师便会把计算机每10分钟存储的数据向他汇报，作出相应调整。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AGDSFT794T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSFT794T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSFT794T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSFT794T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSFT794T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "实质性的护理操作尽管看似简单，但必须细心，往脸部和双手涂抹药液，轻不得，重了也不行。德尼索夫教授的最后一道工作是整理列宁所穿服装和纠正其睡姿。春去秋来，专家们一直严格按照这样的程序工作着，每隔一年半他们还需为列宁洗澡，把遗体放在秘方配制的药液里浸泡整整两个星期。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AGDSFV384T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSFV384T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSFV384T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSFV384T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSFV384T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "实质性的护理操作尽管看似简单，但必须细心，往脸部和双手涂抹药液，轻不得，重了也不行。德尼索夫教授的最后一道工作是整理列宁所穿服装和纠正其睡姿。春去秋来，专家们一直严格按照这样的程序工作着，每隔一年半他们还需为列宁洗澡，把遗体放在秘方配制的药液里浸泡整整两个星期。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AGDSG1224T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSG1224T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSG1224T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSG1224T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSG1224T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "可惜此时，被授予列宁勋章的权威，兹巴尔斯基教授已去世，他的接班人在遗体紧急防腐处理方面经验尚不足。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AGDSG3544T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSG3544T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSG3544T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSG3544T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSG3544T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "赫鲁晓夫出于无奈，同医务人员商定，暂时将尚未腐烂的头部同躯干分开。为防止大面积腐烂的躯干影响头部，不得不将头颅取下，安装在人造躯体上，再将列宁的肉身躯干火化。手术十分成功，一切都天衣无缝，普通参观者不可能看出破绽。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AGDSG4UR4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSG4UR4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSG4UR4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSG4UR4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSG4UR4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "苏联解体后，俄罗斯政府不再为护理列宁遗体拨款，“列宁墓实验室”改名为“全俄药用植物科学生产联合体生物结构医学研究中心”，情况越变越差。目前仍在继续地护理，完全出于包括兹巴尔斯基教授的儿子在内的研究人员、工作人员的自愿。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AGDSG7VD4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSG7VD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSG7VD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSG7VD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-20/AGDSG7VD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "列宁墓和他遗体今后的命运，看来难以预测。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
            ]
        }