李之光耀

2015-03-26 09:06

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                   "note": "新加坡，一个面积不过718平方公里，2014年人口才547万，被台湾民进党某大佬称为“鼻屎国”的蕞尔小国，却在国际经济与政治舞台上，得了远远超过其规模的影响力。在很大程度上，这要归功于李光耀。",
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                   "note": "李光耀，祖籍广东省梅州市大埔县高陂镇党溪乡。自1959年起，直至卸任的1991年，他整整做了32年新加坡内阁总理。期间新加坡人均GDP翻了近34倍，人口翻一番多。所以李光耀被称为“现代新加坡的缔造者”。",
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                   "note": "当然也有人认为新加坡的成功是源于它优越的地理位置和历史原因（地处马六甲海峡，曾为英国的殖民地）。但是这些条件马来西亚也都具备，可两国发展程度却相差甚广。",
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                   "note": "新加坡1965年被迫独立，如此小的国土面积，缺乏国内市场和天然资源，甚至连淡水都没。李光耀明白，新加坡存活下去才是唯一目的。",
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                   "note": "1968年1月，英国宣布将于1971年完成全面撤军。这给新加坡造成了两个问题。一个是安全，另一个是经济。",
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                   "note": "新加坡特殊的地理位置，历来为兵家必争之地，没有了英国的保护，弹丸之地，兵力虚空，进攻无力,防御不足，国力如此薄弱，随时有倾覆之可能。",
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                   "note": "于是，在李光耀及相关国家领导人努力下，1971年4月，英国、澳大利亚、新西兰、新加坡和马来西亚达成“五国联防协议”。",
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                   "note": "对于经济，英军的开支曾占新加坡国内生产总值的20%左右。英军的撤离将使得新加坡面临的更大生存挑战。",
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                   "note": "当时国际上流行“新殖民主义”，这种理论认为西方国家的跨国公司从发展中国家购买原料，又向发展中国家出售消费品，这是经济侵略、经济剥削。",
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                   "note": "李光耀是个实用主义者，他对“新殖民主义”这套理论嗤之以鼻。他的首要目的是确保新加坡生存、发展下去。他认为新加坡也没有天然资源可供跨国公司‘剥削’的。",
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                   "note": "他认为新加坡绝不能信奉这一套，只能搞对外开放、吸引外资，尤其是来自美日等发达国家的资本。与同期韩国的朴正熙及后来中国的邓小平，可谓英雄所见略同。",
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                   "note": "二战后，整个东南亚都处在反殖民反压迫的高潮中，极左与民粹风潮盛行，各种罢工、暴乱不断。这对秩序及经济发展造成了冲击。为了吸引和留住外资企业，李光耀甚至还立法限制限制工会特权。",
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                   "note": "通过修改相关法律，让资方重新掌握聘用、开除和调动雇员等在工潮迭起的年代被工会侵占的功能和权力。通过细化罢工条件，限制工会组织罢工权利。",
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                   "note": "但为了保障工人的基本待遇，新加坡成立了由劳资政三方代表组成的全国工资理事会。理事会每年利用政府收集到的精确资料就新一年的加薪和其他服务条件，提出各方能承受又能进一步促进经济增长的联合建议。各方同意遵守一个原则：涨薪幅度不能大于生产力的提高。",
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                   "note": "对于福利社会，李光耀认为西方的福利制度是不可持续的。所以新加坡建立了地球上少有的非福利型社保：中央公积金制度。",
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                   "note": "中央公积金制度是强制储蓄与投资，本质上是强制每个人为自己（及直系亲属）自负其责，账户上的钱是可以继承的。",
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                   "note": "李光耀认为：“很少人把自己的资产消耗掉。他们都保住甚至扩充他们的资产，只花费来自资产的收入。他们未雨绸缪，要保住资产，将来留给子孙。”这正是资本积累与社会存续的基本动力。",
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                   "note": "此外，新加坡对税收也是考虑效率、考虑长远。1984年，新加坡的遗产税从最高的6%锐减到5%至1%，视遗产价值多少而定。到2008年，新加坡更是取消了遗产税。",
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                   "note": "对于民主制度，这是新加坡最受争议的话题。新加坡虽然有选举制度，但很多人认为新加坡是“李加坡”，是一种威权主义。",
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                   "note": "新加坡的选举特色是：以集选区制为主、单选区为辅的选区制及政府组屋按种族比例分配的社区格局。在1984年及以前，新加坡实行单选区制，一个选区一个议席。随着人民行动党得票率逐步下降，李光耀未雨绸缪，于1980年提出集选区的建议。",
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                   "note": "与政党比例代表制相比，单选区与集选区均实行胜者全得，支持小党的普选票很难转化为议席，对小党不利。与单选区相比，集选区对小党更不利。原来四个单选区，小党有可能赢得其中的一个，但合并为四席次集选区后，让小党赢得一个席位的普选票不足以同时赢得四个席次。这种集选区制，配之以重新划分选区，让反对党赢得集选区选举的概率极低。",
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                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ6VJ4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "一个单选区，如果执政党候选人稳赢，就继续保留；如果被反对派赢了或受到挑战了，就取消后并入集选区。在集选区，执政党只要赢得简单多数，就赢得了所有的席次。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AL5IJ7BQ4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ7BQ4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ7BQ4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ7BQ4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ7BQ4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "此外，新加坡政府营建的组屋是按照族群比例初次分配的。业主在转卖时，也要受到族群比例的限制，如果某一族群的配额用完，那就只能转卖给其他族群。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AL5IJ7UE4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ7UE4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ7UE4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ7UE4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ7UE4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "在这种社区规划之下，少数族裔不能聚居，因而也就不能形成以某个少数族裔为票源的政党。额外的好处是，反对党不能像台湾民进党那样以族群议题来撕裂社会、确保族群之间的和谐。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AL5IJ8BL4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ8BL4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ8BL4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ8BL4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ8BL4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "经济高度发达的新加坡常被外界认为有着西式的新闻自由和舆论环境，媒体作为“第四权力”可以毫无顾忌地揭露政要丑闻、政府弊端，以监督政府。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AL5IJ8VH4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ8VH4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ8VH4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ8VH4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ8VH4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "然而，在新闻自由指数排行中，新加坡在175个国家里长期排在130名靠后，有些年份甚至连海地、乌干达和柬埔寨等国也不如。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AL5IJ9A44T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ9A44T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ9A44T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ9A44T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ9A44T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "李光耀和他所领导的人民行动党在执政后，强调政府必须管好传媒。新加坡的媒体主要用来配合政府搞经济建设，促进社会稳定，禁止和严惩一切攻击执政党以及宣扬西方民主自由和生活方式的言论报道。现在，所有媒体都必须接受新加坡报业控股集团和广播局的管理、监督和控制。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AL5IJ9RL4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ9RL4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ9RL4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ9RL4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJ9RL4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "对于异见者，李光耀一直在新加坡维持《国内安全法》，该法授予政府在必要时“不经审判”即得以“无限期拘禁”危害国家安全的人士。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AL5IJAEJ4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJAEJ4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJAEJ4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJAEJ4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-03-20/AL5IJAEJ4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "在李光耀看来，只要能带领新加坡在虎豹环伺中生存下来并生存得很好，有必要使用一些专政手段，任何有损这一目的的行为，都属于铁腕打击之列。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
            ]
        }

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