中东铁路事件

2015-08-14 08:03

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                "setname": "中东铁路事件",
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                "lmodify": "2015-08-14 08:03:09",
                "prevue": "风雪中东路。<a href=＂http://war.163.com/special/jingjian/＂>点击看更多《镜鉴记》内容</a>",
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                "prev": {
                    "setname": "看日本人如何拍抗战片：电视剧让许多人流泪",
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                {
                   "id": "B0TFNMDU4T8E0001",
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                   "note": "风雪中东路。",
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                {
                   "id": "B0TFNMS14T8E0001",
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                   "title": "",
                   "note": "1896年俄国与清政府签订《中俄密约》，取得横贯中国东北修筑铁路的特权，以缩短西伯利亚铁路的路程。",
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                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFNNBM4T8E0001",
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                   "title": "",
                   "note": "1898年俄国又与清政府签订《中俄会订条约》，使得这条铁路连上了从哈尔滨到旅顺军港的支线，贯穿整个东北三省。",
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                   "title": "",
                   "note": "1903年全部建成，即为“中东铁路”。俄国的东省铁路公司同时取得沿铁路两侧数十公里宽地带的行政和司法管理权。",
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                   "note": "在东北的心脏地带就出现了一个远比普通租界规模庞大得多的、不受中国管理的“国中之国”，俄国也得以方便地控制整个中国东北地区。",
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                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFNOR44T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "1905年在日俄战争中失利的俄国被迫与日本签订《朴茨茅斯和约》，将由长春至旅顺口之铁路及一切支线，以及附属之一切权利，均转让与日本政府。",
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                   "note": "于是日本控制了长春以南的铁路，一般称之为“南满铁路”。长春以北路段继续被俄国控制。",
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                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFNPQS4T8E0001",
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                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFNPQS4T8E0001.jpg",
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                   "title": "",
                   "note": "十月革命后，苏联为避免中国成为“白俄势力”据点，于1919年发表对华宣言，废除不平等条约，放弃特权，归还中东铁路等各种产业。",
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                {
                   "id": "B0TFNQQ54T8E0001",
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                   "title": "",
                   "note": "但由于当时的北京政府与协约国采取一致行动，不承认苏联为合法政府，所以对宣言始终置之不理。",
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                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFNRAL4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFNRAL4T8E0001.jpg",
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                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFNRAL4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "随着政权逐步巩固、国际地位不断提高，苏联政府已不再无条件将中东路交还中国，而是提出与中国政府进行谈判由两国共管。",
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                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFNRQH4T8E0001",
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                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "1924年5月31日中苏双方答成中东铁路共管协议。名义上是共管，但苏籍局长大权独揽，处处侵犯中方权益，双方矛盾日益尖锐。",
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                ,
                {
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                   "title": "",
                   "note": "1925年奉军与冯玉祥领导的国民军开战，苏联支持冯玉祥，拒绝奉军利用中东路运兵南下。奉军护路司令张焕相一度拘捕苏联中东路局长伊万诺夫。苏联表示抗议，后经日本调停，张作霖下令释放。",
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                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFNSQT4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFNSQT4T8E0001.jpg",
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                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFNSQT4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "张作霖在皇姑屯被日本人炸死之后，东北军大权落入张学良之手。1928年东北易帜后，年轻气盛的张学良打算在东北有所作为，他认为中东路问题正是一展身手的好机会。",
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                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFNT924T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "张学良采取的策略是先礼后兵，在同苏联进行了数次谈判不见效果后，他决定“吓唬一下苏联”，向斯大林和苏联红军发出挑战。",
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                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFNTP84T8E0001",
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                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "蒋介石当时出于三个目的支持张学良。其一，若真能收回中东路，可为其“革命外交”开创新局面；其二，可控制张学良为其所用；其三，借此拴住张学良，使其无暇参与“反蒋”。",
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                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "于是蒋介石提议必要时可以出兵协助东北军，但张学良婉拒，他在答记者问时说：“兵力充足，无劳中央军必要，但望在军火弹药上予以接济。”对东北军的实力相当自信。",
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                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFNUP64T8E0001",
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                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "其实在当时的国民政府和东北军内部都有人反对收回中东路权的决定，因为正值民力疲惫之际，武装冲突对东北不利。",
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                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFNV8E4T8E0001",
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                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "张学良方面，受到了亲信的情报误导，认为苏联国内有大饥荒，无力反抗；蒋介石方面，相信了西方舆论，认为苏联国际地位孤立，上下交困，无力开战。两人都认为苏联不会对华大规模开战。",
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                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFNVOQ4T8E0001",
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                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "1929年7月张学良领导的东北军切断苏联对中国共产党的支持，驱逐中东铁路苏联职员，查封哈尔滨苏联商业机构，着手收回中东铁路。",
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                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0V9TSL54T8E0001",
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                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "对于中东路事件，共产国际远东局从一开始就明确要求中共中央要提出“武装保卫苏联”的口号，并组织大规模的反对国民党和拥护苏联的群众示威。陈独秀表示反对，认为这个时候不能片面宣传“拥护苏联”。",
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                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFO0824T8E0001",
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                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "同年7月18日斯大林宣布对华断交，命令苏军在中苏边境黑龙江、吉林段准备武装介入。1929年8月14日苏军沿中东路一线向中国军队发起进攻。",
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                ,
                {
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                   "note": "随着苏联大兵压境，张学良开始改变强硬态度，意欲对苏和谈解决问题，但是蒋介石坚持不妥协。张学良在蒋、苏的夹缝中来回摇摆挣扎，最终使得中苏关系破裂。",
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                ,
                {
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                   "title": "",
                   "note": "苏军对中国东北边境连续3次大规模进攻：10月12日至11月2日的同江之战、11至17-18日的密山之战和11月17-20日的满洲里-扎责诺尔之战。",
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                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFO1AM4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO1AM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO1AM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO1AM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO1AM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "在苏军大量训练有素的兵力和强大的先进新式武器面前，东北军显得不堪一击、一触即溃。苏军大获全胜，中方损失惨重。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFO1CV4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO1CV4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO1CV4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO1CV4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO1CV4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "由于苏联进行的是“惩罚性”战争，因此十分残酷，将军事设施彻底毁掉。苏联空军对一些东北边境城市实施狂轰滥炸，同江被炸成“一片焦土”。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFO1GL4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO1GL4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO1GL4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO1GL4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO1GL4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "就在东北军备受苏军打击损兵折将的时候，此前一直要“举国一致共同御侮”的蒋介石则因为穷于应付反对势力，一方面始终督促张学良对苏强硬，另一方面还要求张学良向其提供重炮营助其赢得内战。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFO1LG4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO1LG4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO1LG4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO1LG4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO1LG4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "应蒋介石的一再要求，张学良还在同江之战中拨出整列军火支援南京。而此前蒋承诺的竭东南之兵力、财力做东北后盾，以及10万兵力百万军饷之类的，始终没有兑现。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFO2094T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO2094T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO2094T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO2094T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO2094T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "对此张学良十分不满，加上军事失败，他开始绕开中央直接与苏联谈判，并直接发电报告知蒋介石要求同意“先由地方接洽，缓提国联”，以免节外生枝。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFO2834T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO2834T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO2834T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO2834T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO2834T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "1930年在美国的调停下，张学良被迫签订《中苏伯力会议议定书》，恢复苏联在1929年7月10日以前在中东铁路的一切权益。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFO2CQ4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO2CQ4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO2CQ4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO2CQ4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO2CQ4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "由于苏联不愿于其他觊觎东北的国家产生纠葛，因此他们在双方达成和平协议后就撤出了中国境内，但继续占领中国领土黑瞎子岛等地。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TFO2GA4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO2GA4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO2GA4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO2GA4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TFO2GA4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "中东路事件期间苏联占据中国领土黑瞎子岛，这是日后中、俄在领土争端中最难解决的问题之一。该领土争议持续到2004年以协议方式解决，中、俄各得到黑瞎子岛领土的一半。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "B0TG22TN4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TG22TN4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TG22TN4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TG22TN4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-08-13/B0TG22TN4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "<a href=＂http://war.163.com/special/jingjian/＂>点击看更多《镜鉴记》内容</a>",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
            ]
        }

中东铁路事件

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