义和团运动：一次烧毁北京1800多家店铺

2015-01-16 07:56

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1900年，农历庚子年，北京周围的华北、山东地区，兴起了号称“扶清灭洋”的义和团运动。点击看更多军事历史内容

义和团运动：一次烧毁北京1800多家店铺

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探秘越南最强王牌部队308师

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                   "note": "100多年前的庚子事变曾给我们这个古老的国度带来了无尽的创伤和迷惘，至今都在人们的心目中充满了矛盾、模糊和冲突。",
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                   "note": "光绪二十五年(1899年)，北方各省出现大旱。除了山东与直隶外，山西、河南与陕西等地也饱受干旱之苦。在很多地方的县志中，当年都有“春夏大旱”，“十室九空”，“晚禾尽萎，大饥”的记载。",
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                   "note": "由此，历史上描述旱灾“赤地千里、“易子而食”的悲惨画面再次出现，其记载令人不忍卒读。",
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                   "note": "从某种意义上来说，旱灾被水灾更加的可怕。一般来说，水灾有时间限定性，暴雨不可能一直持续，只要大水退去后，灾民尚可以回到家园重新恢复生活，而且洪水带来的淤泥还能增加土地的肥沃度，有利于提高作物的产量。",
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                   "note": "再者，水灾造成的焦虑情绪往往可以通过追究渎职的水利官员得以宣泄，并可以通过疏浚河道、加高河堤等措施来恢复信心。换句话说，水灾是一目了然的，但旱灾就不一样了。",
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                   "note": "旱灾给人们带来巨大的心理压力，往往在于它在时间上的不确定性，它是一种持续性的、渐进式的苦难和折磨。水灾一旦发生，它便已经成为一个过去的事情，人们基本上可以确定它的结束日期并规划灾后的生活，但旱灾的不确定性则让人充满焦虑。",
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                   "note": "从中国传统的灾荒观来看，旱灾往往被解释为得罪了上天(玉皇大帝)，因此皇帝和官员们往往会举行庄严的祈雨仪式，祈求上苍原谅，赐以甘霖。但是，并不是所有的祈雨活动都会得到回报，譬如庚子年的干旱就并没有因此而得到缓解。",
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                   "note": "干旱使得直隶、山东等地的农民无所事事，义和团也由此得以蔓延。最为巧妙的是，义和团宣扬的反教观念正好为缓解干旱带来的焦虑烦躁情绪提供了一个宣泄口。",
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                   "note": "这便是在义和团的揭帖中反复强调的，当时北方久旱不雨，原因是“洋人得罪了老天爷”，所谓“天无雨，地焦干，只因鬼子止住天”，“天久不雨，皆由上天震怒洋教所致”，只有“扫平洋人，才有下雨之期”。",
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                   "note": "而当时基督教传教士和外国商人在中国活动的日益频繁，八国联军侵华前，据清廷统计，天主教、基督教、东正教在华的外籍传教士已有3200多人，入教的中国人达80余万，教堂遍布全国城乡。",
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                   "note": "中国有句老话叫做“天怒人怨”，在人的能力范围之内无法解决问题的时候，寻找一个替罪羊便显得十分必要了。洋人洋教与中国传统及文化的格格不入，正好为天庭震怒找到了原因。",
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                   "note": "反过来说，假如是洋人洋教得罪了天庭导致干旱，那普降甘霖岂不又证明了他们的无辜？可当年除了直隶、山东交界一带6月幸运的下了一场透雨外，其他地方都没有得到缓解。附近一带的义和团便纷纷回籍种地去了。",
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                   "note": "事实上，那些在华的传教士也在不停的祈求上帝赐予人们一场大雨，一个传教士在信中说：“人民无所事事，只谈论如何杀洋人和教民，如果一直不下雨，什么样的暴力事件都可能发生。”",
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                   "note": "持续旱灾带来的焦躁情绪往往会使人失去了理性，正如勒庞说的：“群众不善推理，却急于采取行动”。以义和团为首的诸多民间组织开始在山东、直隶等地率领百姓攻打教堂、驱逐传教士和惩处教民。",
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                   "note": "义和团对一切外来事务都持一种非理性的排斥态度。除了焚教堂、杀教民之外，对洋货也是深恶痛绝。看到洋货就烧砸，甚至杀死卖洋货的人。",
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                   "note": "由于洋货在很多方面的确具有先进性并为老百姓提供了方便，因此除了毁坏之外还有另外一种解决办法，那就是给洋货或者带“洋”的货品改名换姓，譬如“洋药”改称“土药”、“洋布”改称“土布”或者“西布”，“洋货铺”改称“广货铺”。",
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                   "note": "就连从日本引进的东洋车，本不属于“反洋”系列的产品(日本人在国人眼中乃同文同种)，但车夫们还是忙不迭的将之改名为“太平车”，并用醒目的红纸贴在车尾，以防不测。60多年后，红卫兵将“西红柿”改成“东红柿”，可谓是有异曲同工之妙。",
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                   "note": "如此一来，义和团在精神上获得了胜利，老百姓也由此得了便利，减少了损失，倒不失为一个万全之策。",
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                   "note": "义和团在语言系统上革新颇令人忍俊不禁，火药谓之散烟粉，铁路轨道谓之铁蜈蚣，老妇谓之老寡妇，少艾谓之小媳妇，女阴谓之小妖洞，强奸谓之搅小妖洞，甚至连“洋”也改成右边加个“火”字，意思为“水火左右交攻”。",
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                   "note": "当时北京城里的义和团以“坛”为单位。每个坛的领导人称为“大师兄、二师兄。”坛与坛之间没有领导与被领导的关系，各自独立活动。",
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                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "一些店铺里的伙计、学徒、工匠参加了义和团。他们在大师兄、二师兄的带领下，练习拳棒、刀枪，查洋货，烧教堂，盘查洋人。打磨厂西口内几家刀剪铺日夜不停地炉火熊熊，铁锤叮当响，为义和拳打造兵器。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG11675E4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11675E4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11675E4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11675E4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11675E4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "5月20日，有伙计报告：老德记洋药房（当时已改名为“大药房”）不但没有把洋药销毁，而且还在转移货物。这下可惹恼了义和团众。大师兄在老德记大药房的门上划了个“十”字，并口中念着咒语，店内有个团民拿出事先准备好的引火物点燃了店堂。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG11673C4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11673C4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11673C4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11673C4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11673C4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "火起之后，团民又“不许人救”。一时之间，烈焰飞腾，加上那天正刮风，霎时，全街都着起了大火，火势向煤市街、观音寺、廊房三、二、头条、珠宝市、前门大街、西河沿及东、西荷包巷蔓延。前门箭楼和城楼也起了火。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG1168864T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168864T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168864T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168864T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168864T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "守城的官兵们立刻下令把正阳门的城门关了，并派出重兵把守，说是奉太后之命，防止乱人混入内城。这是给义和团们的一个最明确的信号：要放火尽管放就是，只要不把皇城点着就行。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG1168J24T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168J24T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168J24T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168J24T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168J24T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "火越烧越大，点火的义和团们开始奔跑避火。声称可以一声咒语就能“闭火”的大师兄不见了踪影。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG1168H34T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168H34T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168H34T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168H34T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168H34T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "此次大火，共计焚毁店铺4000余家，火至天明未熄．左右前后，烈火延烧三日不灭。正阳门楼亦被烧塌。京师24家铸银炉厂亦全被焚毁。北京市所有钱庄银行因之被迫歇业。通货既不流通，市场交易全停，一夕之间，北京就不是北京了。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG1168QU4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168QU4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168QU4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168QU4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168QU4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "原本繁华的大栅栏商业街变成了一片废墟，街中数不清的绫罗绸缎和金银珠宝或被大火烧毁或被趁火打劫。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG1168S14T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168S14T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168S14T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168S14T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1168S14T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "火烧前门之后，北京“商户官宅，一日数迁，人心始惶惶忧乱。”“官民搬徙，十室九逃。”",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG11697S4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11697S4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11697S4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11697S4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11697S4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "一场大火也使一部分原来对义和团抱观望态度甚至同情心理的北京人，转而怀疑，不再相信义和团的迷信宣传了。在火烧前门发生后，一些人的态度发生了明显的变化。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG11696H4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11696H4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11696H4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11696H4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11696H4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "然而，在清廷主战派看来，这却是“民心可用”。在火烧前门的同一天，慈禧召开御前会议，就对列强的和、战及对义和团的剿、抚问题，展开激烈讨论。在以后的三天里，慈禧又连续召开了三次这样的会议，最后终于作出攻打东交民巷使馆区及向列强宣战的决定。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG11699F4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11699F4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11699F4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11699F4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG11699F4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "两个月后，联军攻入北京，慈禧太后西逃。1901年，清廷最终与十一国签订了《辛丑条约》。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG1169KG4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1169KG4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1169KG4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1169KG4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1169KG4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "1902年1月8日，逃离紫禁城600天的慈禧老佛爷自保定乘火车至北京马家堡车站，乘銮驾经永定门入正阳门，再经过大清门回到紫禁城。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG1169I24T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1169I24T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1169I24T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1169I24T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1169I24T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "为了安排皇太后的回銮，这时修复前门和正阳门已经来不及了，于是官员们采用了扎纸牌楼的方式，就是在正阳门城楼废墟上搭了一座纸牌楼。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG1169T24T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1169T24T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1169T24T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1169T24T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1169T24T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "毫无疑问，在庚子年的那场浩劫中，华北地区的居民们都亲眼目睹了一场野蛮杀戮的恐怖场景：开始是义和团杀中国教民，其中也包含了极少数的外国传教士或者洋人甚至外交官。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG1169T64T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1169T64T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1169T64T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1169T64T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG1169T64T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "接着是清军与义和团及其八国联军的相互攻击，义和拳与清军死伤惨重。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG116AJH4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116AJH4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116AJH4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116AJH4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116AJH4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "最后是八国联军对义和团乃至中国无辜平民不加区别的残酷报复。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG116AIV4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116AIV4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116AIV4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116AIV4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116AIV4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "在这个酷烈的夏天，天津的附近河流中几乎每天都有死尸漂流，而且大多是无头或者肢体不全，有时候尸体多到将河段拥堵。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG116ANB4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116ANB4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116ANB4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116ANB4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116ANB4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "据马士在《中华帝国对外关系史》中的统计，在这场浩劫中的外国遇难者为231人，但被杀的中国教民和无辜百姓，目前已经无法统计出具体数字，仅山西一省就有5700余名教民被杀。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG116B024T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116B024T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116B024T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116B024T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116B024T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "义和团不分青红皂白的杀害教民乃至无辜者，这是一种得到充分宣泄的群体性暴戾。这种暴戾在当时被赋予了“正义性”，在失控的特殊时期里，他们因为人多势众甚至不需要承担责任。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG116BAD4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116BAD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116BAD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116BAD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116BAD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "对于这场灾难，清廷中那些守旧派需要承担相当的责任，他们不仅为这种残暴行为拍手叫好，还鼓励杀人。以致义和团更是肆无忌惮。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AG116BMD4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116BMD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116BMD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116BMD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-15/AG116BMD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "1902年的北京似乎恢复了平静，但是被烧毁的前门箭楼还在述说着庚子年的痛。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
            ]
        }