抗美援朝：志愿军用坑道对抗美军“火海”

2015-02-10 09:42

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标签：抗美援朝志愿军

拍摄于1956年的黑白影片《上甘岭》是我国反映抗美援朝战争的一部经典影片。该片通过描述我志愿军的一个连队在上甘岭陈地上长达24天艰苦卓绝的作战,谱写了当年我志愿军的抗美援朝作战中的英雄主义史诗。文字转自：战略网。点击看更多军事历史内容

抗美援朝：志愿军用坑道对抗美军“火海”

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                "prevue": "拍摄于1956年的黑白影片《上甘岭》是我国反映抗美援朝战争的一部经典影片。该片通过描述我志愿军的一个连队在上甘岭陈地上长达24天艰苦卓绝的作战,谱写了当年我志愿军的抗美援朝作战中的英雄主义史诗。文字转自：战略网。<a href=＂http://war.163.com/special/mh/＂>点击看更多军事历史内容</a>",
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                   "note": "影片《上甘岭》邀请了当年带领部队坚守597.9高地2号坑道14昼夜的134团4连指导员赵毛臣为军事顾问,因此该片在军事角度上非常考究。本文从战役战术的角度来解读该片,旨在使大家对我志愿军坑道防御作战有一些认识。",
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                   "note": "影片开始时,我方阵地工事由7连坚守,该连主要依托表面阵地工事抗击敌人进攻,连续击退敌14次冲锋。在抗击敌第15次冲锋时连长牺牲,指导员的眼睛被炸。本片的主角部队――8连前来增援,也是依托表面阵地工事与敌激战。",
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                   "note": "这些表面阵地工事大部分设置在山脊的反斜面上,而并非在山脊的正面,这样我方人员可以隐蔽投弹,而敌方步兵的直射火力不能威胁到我方投弹手。",
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                   "title": "",
                   "note": "影片中看到,我军构筑的工事既有坑道工事也有表面阵地工事。坑道工事是我军为了对抗敌优势空炮火力而创造出来的,但是在防御作战中并不能单纯依靠坑道作战,必须与表面阵地工事配合才能发挥威力。",
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                   "note": "抗美援朝战争中,志愿军的作战形式通常是利用坑道避开敌强大的火力,依托表面阵地工事在后方炮火支援下以短兵火力打击进攻之敌。这里有一点非常重要,即坑道是保存自己的手段,依托表面阵地工事打击进攻之敌才是有效歼敌的手段。",
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                   "note": "影片中,8连先是在阵地上展开1个排的兵力,将其余兵力隐蔽在坑道内待机。当阵地上人员伤亡过大、形势危急时,连长张忠发调7班上阵地增援,终于打退了敌人的进攻。在这里,我军采用的是典型的“添油战术”,即不断投入新锐兵力,增援正在作战的部队,使部队始终保持充足的战斗力。",
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                   "note": "在兵力使用上,我防守部队一般分为三部分:1/3的兵力用于表面阵地作战,1/3的兵力机动,l/3的兵力用于坚守坑道。同时确定了“量敌用兵”的原则,即敌人大攻我增加后力、小攻则使用较少兵力抗击。在有后方炮火支援的情况下,我军投入1个组的兵力(3―4人)即可击退敌1～2个排的进攻,击退敌一个连的进攻使用1个班的兵力即可。",
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                   "note": "8连陆续击退敌人几次冲锋后,由于伤亡较大,上级命令其撤入坑道内坚守。虽然我率能利用坑道抗住敌人的空炮火力,保存住有生力量,但在依托表面阵地工事抗击敌人冲击时仍然不可避凳地要遭到很大伤亡。因此,在兵力和装备弹弹药不能保证击退敌人冲击,并且在短时间内不能得到后方部队增援的情况下,退守坑道非常必要。",
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                   "note": "根据实战经验,退守坑道的时机应为;敌增加兵力,几个方向同时攻击,我伤亡过大,守不过来,增援部队被阻无法到达,此时应及时退守坑道I我弹药消耗殆尽,供应不上,如动用一部分守坑道的弹药《守坑道的弹药在任何情况下都应该保留一定数量),也不可能击退敌之进攻时,应及时退守坑道。",
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                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN31L94T8E0001",
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                   "note": "反之,如天色已近黄昏,敌攻击已成强弩之来或增援分队将要到达的情况下,则不能退守坑道,送时坚持坑道外作战能处于主动地位,应该说,影片中上级命令8连退守坑道的时机选择是十分正确的。",
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                ,
                {
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                   "note": "影片中,8连在退守坑道后,原本要等后续部队一起进行反击以夺回表面阵地,后因情况变化改为长期坚守坑道等待大反击。在这一期间,敌军不断采取各种措施攻击我坑道部队。敌军首先投了个炸药包将我军的一个坑道口炸塌,不过,这也使我军省去了同时坚守2个坑道口的不利。",
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                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN31V64T8E0001",
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                   "note": "接着,敌军又向另一个坑道口内投掷了1个炸药包,危急时刻,1排排长不顾危险从连长手中夺过炸药包将其扔出坑道外,保住了最后一个坑道口。后来,敌军在坑道顶部进行挖掘,然后在挖出的大坑中埋设炸药将坑道顶部炸塌,再投入毒气弹进行攻击。",
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                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN327B4T8E0001",
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                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN327B4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "连长则手持轻机枪封锁被炸开的缺口,其余人员用湿毛巾捂住口鼻,最终粉碎了敌人的进攻。",
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                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN327Q4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN327Q4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN327Q4T8E0001.jpg",
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                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN327Q4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "敌军对我坚守坑道部队的攻击方式是多样的。敌军还使用空炮火力企图炸毁我军坑道口。在敌大口径火炮和飞机的不断轰击下,平行伸出的坑道口往往会被打塌而在上方被炸出个缺口,使得坑道变成朝天的井口。本片就有这样的情节――坑道口变成了朝天的井口状,人员要趴在里面向上仰望才能观察敌情。这样不仅出入坑道不便,而且坑道内空气流通也不好,我坚守坑道分队必须组织人员挖开坑道口。上甘岭战役中,志愿军第15军45师134团8连坚守597.9高地l号坑道时,2个坑道口都被炸塌,只剩下碗口大的小孔。如不迅速挖开,全坑道的人员都会窒息而死。该连趁夜暗每次组织2～3人进行坑道口挖掘。经过多次轮换,终以37人伤亡的代价挖开了坑道口。",
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                }
            
                ,
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                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN32BE4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN32BE4T8E0001.jpg",
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                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN32BE4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "敌军除了以空炮火力破坏坑道口外,还不断向坑道内投手榴弹和炸药包,对我坑道口附近人员威胁很大。对此我军先是在坑道口外修筑地堡打击投弹之敌,被敌发现后炸毁了地堡,堡内人员也受到了损失。",
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                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN32KV4T8E0001",
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                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN32KV4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "我军随即改变方法,用弹药箱装土垒在坑道口上方,使从山顶滚下来的手榴弹和炸药包被挡住。在坑道口两侧则垒两堵交错的短墙,中间留出人员进出的空隙。这样既可以挡住敌人投来的手榴弹,又可以作为射击的依托和掩体。",
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                ,
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                   "note": "后来我军又在坑道口内挖了个深1m左右的坑,并在坑内挖沟通到坑道外,使落进坑内的手榴弹和炸药包顺沟滚到坑道外爆炸。",
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                ,
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                   "note": "　敌军从坑道口上方向下推土石、铁丝团封堵坑道口,还架设铁丝网包围封锁坑道口。对此我军采取用防护墙挡住坑道口的办法使土石进不了坑道,对铁丝网和铁丝团则以爆破手段清除。",
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                   "id": "AHFN342L4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN342L4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN342L4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN342L4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN342L4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "敌军以上手段均失败后,又修筑地堡围困坑道口并步步逼近。我军坚守坑道分队除利用夜暗对其进行爆破外,还指挥后方炮火进行轰击。在坚守坑道分队的不断修正下,炮火命中率非常高。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN34PD4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN34PD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN34PD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN34PD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN34PD4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "我后方和友邻阵地上的各种火炮除了轰击表面阵地之敌使其不能修筑工事外,还负有阻止敌人接近坑道口的任务。为此,我军在附近阵地上开设观察所监视坑道口附近之敌,结合坑道内坚守分队的报告,炮兵随时都可以向敌射击,为坚守坑道口提供了有力保障。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN35H04T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN35H04T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN35H04T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN35H04T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN35H04T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "敌人接近不了坑道口,就用绳子系上炸药包从上方送至坑道口爆破和挖掘坑道顶部进行爆破。我坑道口观察员发现绳子和炸药包后,立即与炮兵联系,一阵炮火将绳子打断,炸药包掉到山沟爆炸。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN36904T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN36904T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN36904T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN36904T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN36904T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "敌军最初对坑道顶部进行挖掘时,我军没有经验,认为是敌人在构筑工事。随即敌以大量炸药进行爆破,炸毁一段坑道并杀伤我人员。后来我军发现敌挖掘行动后,随即联系后方炮火杀伤挖掘之敌。同时,坑道内分队在敌挖掘位置内侧作防护墙封堵坑道并做好防毒准备。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN36V94T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN36V94T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN36V94T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN36V94T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN36V94T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "一旦敌挖开坑道顶部,则坚守防护墙阻止敌进入坑道。上甘岭战役中,第15军45师134团4连坚守的597.9高地2号坑道就被敌从顶部挖通。在敌挖通之前,4连人员用储存的米、面垒成防护墙,上架1挺机枪封锁敌挖掘位置。敌挖通后向内扔手榴弹并以机枪扫射,因防护墙阻挡没有什么效力。到了夜间,我军则利用敌挖开的缺日袭击敌人,敌无奈只好把缺口又堵上了。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN37TM4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN37TM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN37TM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN37TM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN37TM4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "以上只是敌军破坏我坑道手段的一部分。除此之外,敌军还对我坑道进行过化学攻击并造成一定伤亡。我坚守坑道分队就是在这种残酷的作战环境中,将占领表面阵地之敢钉死在阵地上,并最终等到决定性反击。坑道对敌向纵深阵地攻击的牵制和打击。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN38G74T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN38G74T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN38G74T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN38G74T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN38G74T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "影片中,8连进入坑道不久,就发现敌军对我纵深五圣山阵地展开了攻击。8连在没有上级命令的情况下,主动组织机枪火力从背后向攻击之敌射击,并联络友邻坑道部队一起战斗。在我纵深阵地和坑道部队的火力夹击下,敌军的攻击以失败而告终。这一行动也使师首长坚定了用坑道部队拖住敌人以争取时间准备大反击的决心。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN395N4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN395N4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN395N4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN395N4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN395N4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "在实战中,志愿军第67军200师598团1个班坚守在靠近北汉江桥口的一个孤悬敌后的阵地上,战士们把防炮洞和射击工事结合起来,与敌人抗衡。防炮洞越挖越深,为了防止爆炸冲击波的杀伤,防炮洞挖到一定潦度时就向左、右拐弯。激战中,防炮洞洞口相继被炸塌后,战士们除留一人利用炸塌洞口的间隙监视敌人外,其他人仍然朝里挖。进攻的敌人认为这个阵地没人了,就转向友邻阵地攻击。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN3A3F4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3A3F4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3A3F4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3A3F4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3A3F4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "这时,这个班从敌侧后方猛烈射击,阵地部队从正面乘机反击夺回了这个班的阵地。因为坑道口通常都是开在我阵地所在山体的侧后方(一般不开在山体正后方,因为易被敌炮火封锁;更不能开在山体正面向敌一侧,因为被发现后易很快被敌炮火击毁),因此,敌军向我纵深八卦地进攻时就会暴露在我坑道口的视野和火力下。如在上甘岭战役中,134团8连在597.9高地1号坑道洞口发现敌经过坑道口前方向我主峰8号阵地运动,守洞口的战士趁敌不备以轻机枪向敌猛射。敌掉头向坑道口围攻,被我机枪火力击退,伤亡近百人。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN3AOL4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3AOL4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3AOL4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3AOL4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3AOL4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "影片中,敌军将地堡修到了我坑道口附近,并不断用机枪火力封锁坑道口。连长决定派人出去将其炸毁,否则敌人就会依托地堡不断侵扰我军。第一批出去的人员在途中碰响了美军乱扔的空罐头盒,响声惊动了敌人。美军机枪随即疯狂扫射,我军出击人员只好退回坑道内。见状,连长急中生智,命令通信员隔一会儿就往外扔一个空罐头盒,每次都能引起敌人一降射击。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN3BJ74T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3BJ74T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3BJ74T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3BJ74T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3BJ74T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "过了一段时间后,敌军终于发现上当了,任凭我军再扔罐头盒也不射击了。这时连长亲自出去用手雷将敌地堡炸毁,拔掉了这颗“钉子”。进而,我军坑道内部队在统一部署下广泛开展小分队出击,给占领我表面阵地的敌军很大打击,极大消耗了敌军有生力量。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN3C5H4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3C5H4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3C5H4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3C5H4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3C5H4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "在实战中,小分队出击确实起到很大作用。敌军攻占我表面阵地后,我军坑道最大的作用就是拖住并消耗占领表面阵地之敌,使其不能向我纵深阵地发动进攻。但是单靠坚守坑道,并不能给敌军以更大的打击。这就需要我坚守坑道分队利用一切时机(主要是夜间),对占领表面阵地工事之敌进行袭击以消耗其兵力,把敌人拖住为我军反击创造条件。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN3D0F4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3D0F4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3D0F4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3D0F4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3D0F4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "我军退守坑道的初期并没有积极开展对敌袭扰活动,当时普遍认为守住坑道即可。打击表面阵地工事之敌是坑道外部队的事,甚至有从坑道出击是“肉包子打狗,有去无回”的顾虑。后来逐渐发现,只是消极防守坑道会使敌人气焰更嚣张,而且打掉围困我坑道的敌工事,也有利于增援分队和补给物资进入坑道。有了这个认识后,志愿军坚守坑道部队的小分队活动才普遍开展起来。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN3DI64T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3DI64T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3DI64T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3DI64T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3DI64T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "我军坑道内小分队最初出击主要是打击围攻破坏我坑道的敌人,出击的时间很短,一般都是速打速撤,很多时候是白天出击,出击人数不超过2～3人。投掷手榴弹后趁烟雾冲出,以自动武器向敌扫射后迅速撤回。当我坑道部队抗住敌围攻后,才真正转入向敌军主动出击阶段。主动出击的第一种方式是以冷枪狙击杀伤敌军。坑道口或其附近如有射击工事依托,即由坑道内派1～2人以机枪或步枪进行狙击,寻找一切可以射击的目标予以消灭。如上甘岭战役中,134团8连在坑道外的地堡被敌摧毁之前,3天之内以狙击形式毙伤敌115人。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AHFN3EAF4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3EAF4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3EAF4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3EAF4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-02-02/AHFN3EAF4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "主动出击的另一种方式是以小组形式趁暗夜出坑道,对占领表面阵地之敌进行袭击。在发动袭击之前,对敌情及运动道路侦察清楚并制订好行动方案。小组人员不能过多,一般3～4人。其中1～2人带冲锋枪或轻机枪和手榴弹执行掩护任务,另2人带手榴弹、反坦克手雷或爆破筒对敌工事进行爆破。利用午夜到拂晓前敌疲惫、警戒疏忽时,秘密接近敌工事,投送爆破器材后迅速撤回坑道。部队刚执行此类任务时缺乏经验,有时在天刚刚黑后即开始行动。此时敌警惕性正高,往往能发现我军行动而迫使我出击小组放弃行动。如在上甘岭战役中,134团4连共组织小组出击11次,成功10次,歼敌70余人。失利的一次就是在天刚刚黑后即行动而被敌人发觉,并且造成2人伤亡。其余10次都是在午夜后出击全部成功。这种袭击作战给敌人造成了巨大威胁,使其昼夜处于紧张状态,根本没有能力向我纵深继续进攻,从而将敌军死死钉在阵地上动弹不得。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
            ]
        }