德军从没在东方占过便宜

2015-12-31 10:01

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据德国N-TV电视台网站2015年11月28日报道，德国政府计划派遣联邦国防军去叙利亚执行任务。也就是说，德国军方现在必须关注一个此前几乎一无所知的陌生国度。但在历史上，从埃及、伊朗直到印度的中近东地区，却一再激发起历代德国战略家的想象力。不过，这些人的遭遇也类似，那就是他们天马行空的计划迅速破灭，并往往以灾难收场。

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                "prevue": "据德国N-TV电视台网站2015年11月28日报道，德国政府计划派遣联邦国防军去叙利亚执行任务。也就是说，德国军方现在必须关注一个此前几乎一无所知的陌生国度。但在历史上，从埃及、伊朗直到印度的中近东地区，却一再激发起历代德国战略家的想象力。不过，这些人的遭遇也类似，那就是他们天马行空的计划迅速破灭，并往往以灾难收场。",
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                   "note": "据德国N-TV电视台网站2015年11月28日报道，德国政府计划派遣联邦国防军去叙利亚执行任务。也就是说，德国军方现在必须关注一个此前几乎一无所知的陌生国度。但在历史上，从埃及、伊朗直到印度的中近东地区，却一再激发起历代德国战略家的想象力。不过，这些人的遭遇也类似，那就是他们天马行空的计划迅速破灭，并往往以灾难收场。",
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                   "note": "德国人第一次向叙利亚方向用兵始于1188年。当时，绰号巴巴罗萨（红胡子）的神圣罗马帝国皇帝腓特烈一世不顾年事已高，打算通过重占耶路撒冷来给自己的戎马生涯写下完美的结语。",
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                   "note": "腓特烈一世率军经陆路前往巴勒斯坦。但大军尚未抵达通向叙利亚的托罗斯山口，腓特烈一世便于1190年在格克苏河洗澡时溺水身亡。图为描绘这一事件的画作。",
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                   "note": "近40年后，他的孙子腓特烈二世绕开叙利亚，用船把大军运到了圣地。腓特烈二世与苏丹展开谈判，最终促成耶路撒冷向基督教朝圣者开放。图为腓特烈二世画像。",
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                   "note": "腓特烈二世虽然取得了十字军东征史上最辉煌的成就之一，但不久后却败给了家乡的对手。教皇格里高里九世对这位新“耶路撒冷国王”下达绝罚令，开除了他的教籍。",
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                   "note": "此后，德意志统治者回避东方事务长达500多年。进入19世纪后，从高加索到印度，欧洲列强展开了对东方的激烈争夺，并最终演变为1853年爆发的克里米亚战争。此役，英法联手土耳其击败了沙俄。",
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                   "note": "这里面原本没德国什么事，但在1900年，德皇威廉二世提出的巴格达铁路修建计划却瞬间捅了马蜂窝。图为当时西方列强分别提出的3条欧洲-中东铁路修建路线示意图。",
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                   "note": "野心勃勃的威廉二世打算通过这条铁路在地中海和印度洋之间建立一条战略通道。该计划虽博得土耳其对德国的好感，但也促使其他列强暂时搁置竞争，转而联手对付德国这个后起之秀。",
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                   "note": "结果在1914年，以英法为首的协约国同由德国、奥匈和土耳其组成的同盟国爆发全面战争，是为第一次世界大战。",
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                   "note": "一战期间，大批德军在巴勒斯坦和美索不达米亚与土耳其人并肩作战。土耳其军队和参谋部一度都由德国军官指挥。图为描绘一战宣传海报（当时意大利还属于同盟国阵营）。",
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                ,
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                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "德土联军曾一度取胜，但未能实现攻取苏伊士运河的目标，最终在1918年放弃抵抗。图为一战期间耶路撒冷街头的德军部队。",
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                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-12-31/BC5951F94T8E0001.jpg",
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                   "note": "英国人托马斯·爱德华·劳伦斯（即著名的“阿拉伯的劳伦斯”）成功说服阿拉伯部落联合，用沙漠游击战对付土耳其军队，给德土联军造成很大麻烦。劳伦斯此举开创了现代中东大规模游击战的先河，事实证明，直到今天，游击战仍是该地区弱小一方对付强大正规军的法宝。",
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                   "note": "同样在1918年，西线德军已无力进攻之际，东线德军却在乌克兰发起了一场堪称异想天开的行动。在新生的苏俄退出一战后，德军仍没有停止东线的军事行动。他们突入克里米亚半岛，然后又从那里向格鲁吉亚进兵。图为德军官兵（居于左侧）与克里米亚半岛的鞑靼人交谈。",
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                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-12-31/BC5952T64T8E0001.jpg",
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                   "note": "图为当时行进在格鲁吉亚境内的德军。",
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                }
            
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                {
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                   "note": "1918年初秋，同盟国在西线和南线的部队已然崩溃，但在高加索地区，德军却高歌猛进——约2万德军正准备向巴库油田发动进攻。",
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                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-12-31/BC5954CI4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "但这还不是计划的全部。当时的德国陆军总参谋部处长埃里希·冯·鲁登道夫向德军高加索远征军的指挥官下达密令，要求他准备好向伊朗进兵。图为鲁登道夫画像。",
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                }
            
                ,
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                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-12-31/BC59558S4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "按计划，德军攻占伊朗后，接下来的目标将是阿富汗和英属印度。为了表明这绝非痴人说梦，这支德军部队还配发了热带装备。图为格鲁吉亚首都第比利斯街头的德军部队。",
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                {
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                   "note": "然而，随着鲁登道夫下令在1918年9月30日停火，这个美梦也破碎了。图为当时在第比利斯附近山顶架设仪器的德国军人。",
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                   "note": "整整22年后，德军再次向东方挺进。在希特勒的盟友意大利在北非惨败后，隆美尔率领非洲军团奔赴利比亚。",
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                   "note": "隆美尔的远期目标也是印度，只不过这次要取道埃及和大英帝国的命脉——苏伊士运河。但他在1942年止步于距离亚历山大港约100公里的地方，不得不撤退。",
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                   "osize": {},
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                   "note": "与此同时，纳粹政权还曾试图从殖民地入手对付英国。耶路撒冷大穆夫提阿明·侯赛尼和印度自由斗士苏巴什·钱德拉·鲍斯都是其拉拢对象。但德国的这套东方政策也以失败告终。图为当时效力于纳粹德国的印度裔士兵。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "BC5958UR4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-12-31/BC5958UR4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-12-31/BC5958UR4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-12-31/BC5958UR4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-12-31/BC5958UR4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "而希特勒和他的将军们在1942年夏下达的另一条命令表明，他们彻底忘记了1918年无疾而终的“高加索行动”。德军装甲部队的前锋在苏联南部逼近斯大林格勒。德国领导人当时对最终获胜深信不疑，以至于准备让8个装甲师改涂沙漠迷彩，以便在占领巴库油田后继续向伊朗、印度进军。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "BC5959HE4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-12-31/BC5959HE4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-12-31/BC5959HE4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-12-31/BC5959HE4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-12-31/BC5959HE4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "但只过了几个月，高加索就再也没有需要改换迷彩样式的德军坦克了，德国非洲军团的残余部队也在突尼斯缴械投降。图为二战期间在高加索地区作战的德军山地步兵。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "BC595AD44T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-12-31/BC595AD44T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-12-31/BC595AD44T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-12-31/BC595AD44T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-12-31/BC595AD44T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "总之，过去的1000年里，德国军人在东方就从没走过运。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
            ]
        }