百年前的敦煌：最后的东方宝藏

2013-04-18 11:00

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标签：清朝民国敦煌

自古以来，敦煌就是丝绸之路上的重镇，一度颇为繁华，周边石窟寺亦颇多。除了莫高窟，还有西千佛洞、榆林窟及东千佛洞等，共同组成了敦煌石窟群，其中西千佛洞和东千佛洞通常被看作是莫高窟和榆林窟的分支。西千佛洞位于莫高窟西南30余公里的党河北岸崖壁上，呈东西向排列，全长2.5公里，现存北魏、北周、隋、唐、五代、西夏、元的洞窟22个、壁画约800平方米、彩塑34身，它的洞窟形制、塑像和壁画的题材内容、艺术风格均与莫高窟十分相似，但由于历史上的保护不周，目前残损坍塌较甚。

百年前的敦煌：最后的东方宝藏

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国民党败亡前广州的市井生活

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                "prevue": "自古以来，敦煌就是丝绸之路上的重镇，一度颇为繁华，周边石窟寺亦颇多。除了莫高窟，还有西千佛洞、榆林窟及东千佛洞等，共同组成了敦煌石窟群，其中西千佛洞和东千佛洞通常被看作是莫高窟和榆林窟的分支。西千佛洞位于莫高窟西南30余公里的党河北岸崖壁上，呈东西向排列，全长2.5公里，现存北魏、北周、隋、唐、五代、西夏、元的洞窟22个、壁画约800平方米、彩塑34身，它的洞窟形制、塑像和壁画的题材内容、艺术风格均与莫高窟十分相似，但由于历史上的保护不周，目前残损坍塌较甚。",
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                   "note": "美国强盗探险家华尔纳在敦煌盗窃壁画，差点挨上当地民众的扁担。",
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                   "note": "日本强盗西本愿寺大谷探险队的吉川小一郎（右）与地方官僚勾结，也盗走了部分文物。",
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                   "note": "1907年时莫高窟的九层楼还只是五层楼（伯希和探险队摄）。",
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                   "note": "法国探险家、著名东方学家伯希和。",
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                   "note": "多次为斯坦因提供方便的潘大人——潘震（1851－1926）。图为潘震在乌鲁木齐的照片，身后是他的两个儿子。",
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                {
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                   "note": "斯坦因拍摄的敦煌县城照片（车上载的是他盗走的镇国文物）。",
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                   "note": "被斯坦因从藏经洞盗走的部分经卷照字画。",
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                   "note": "被斯坦因盗走的珍贵文物胡语写卷。",
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                   "note": "千佛洞洞窟内。",
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                   "note": "千佛洞。",
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                {
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                   "note": "敦煌藏经洞的发现者王道士王圆箓（1850—1931），他也是敦煌学的“终身成就奖获得者”。",
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                   "note": "英国考古学家马尔克·奥莱尔·斯坦因。　1908年，精通汉学的法国考古学家伯希和在得知莫高窟发现古代写本后，立即从迪化赶到敦煌。他在洞中拣选了三星期，最终以600两银两为代价，获取了1万多件堪称菁华的敦煌文书，后来大都入藏法国国立图书馆。 ",
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                {
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                   "note": "敦煌南城门。　1907年，英国考古学家马尔克·奥莱尔·斯坦因在进行第二次中亚考古旅行时，沿着罗布泊南的古丝绸之路，来到了敦煌。当听说莫高窟发现了藏经洞后，他找到王圆箓(王道士，见图)，表示愿意帮助兴修道观，取得了王的信任。于是斯坦因就被允许进入藏经洞拣选文书，他最终只用了200两银两，便换取了24箱写本和5箱其他艺术品带走。1914年，斯坦因再次来到莫高窟，又以500两银两向王圆箓购得了570段敦煌文献。这些藏品大都捐赠给了大英博物馆和印度的一些博物馆。大英博物馆现拥有与敦煌相关的藏品约1.37万件，是世界上收藏敦煌文物最多的地方，但近年来由于该馆对中国文物的保护不力甚至遭致失窃，因而受到不少指责。 ",
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