被神话了的甘地

2015-01-30 08:09

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标签：甘地非暴力印度

1948年1月30日，享有“圣雄”称号的甘地在德里作晚祷时，被极端分子开枪暗杀，终年79岁。点击看更多军事历史内容

被神话了的甘地

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                "prevue": "1948年1月30日，享有“圣雄”称号的甘地在德里作晚祷时，被极端分子开枪暗杀，终年79岁。<a href=＂http://war.163.com/special/mh/＂>点击看更多军事历史内容</a>",
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                   "note": "在全世界掀起武装反抗法西斯的大潮中，处在战争悬崖上的印度拒绝参战。他们发起了一场声势浩大的非暴力运动，指向的敌人不是德日，而是统治他们近二百年的大英帝国。",
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                   "note": "甘地被称作“非暴力不合作之父”，他认为，真正的强大不是暴力，而是非暴力，暴力在本质上才是虚弱的表现；坦然接受暴力打击的人，他身上就蕴藏着比任何暴力都更加强大的力量。",
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                   "note": "对甘地而言，非暴力主义是一种必须始终坚持、不可违背的原则，而且在任何场合都可以应用。如他所说：“这种力量（指坚持真理的力量）既可以被个人所用，也可以被团体所用。它既可以用于政治事务，也可以用于家庭事务。它的普遍应用性就说明它是永恒的和战无不胜的。”",
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                   "note": "甘地对“非暴力”的信念如此坚定，把它当作解决一切社会问题的灵丹妙药，于是在很多时候显得迂腐，特别在二战期间，他就局势发表的一些呼吁和见解，今天看来都颇为荒唐。",
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                   "note": "对待日本人，甘地想象，“将有一排排印度人，纪律严明，手无寸铁，面无惧色地向日本人的刺刀冲，他们前赴后继，勇往直前，直到尸积如山，血流成河。从而使敌人心慈手软而放下屠刀，立地成佛。”",
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                   "note": "甘地曾劝告捷克人、波兰人和犹太人，以非暴力的力量来反抗纳粹；当丘吉尔呼吁国民奋起抗击纳粹的时候，他却倡导“你们可以邀请希特勒和墨索里尼随意征服你们的国家，让他们任意占领吧，但你们决不可丧失心志。”",
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                   "note": "当甘地听说希特勒杀了几百万犹太人一事时，评论道：“杀害这么多犹太人固然是罪恶，但犹太人不应该抵抗，而应该用刀自刎或以跳海等方式集体自杀，以唤起德国人民的觉醒”。战后他为自己辩解说：“反正犹太人已经被杀了，还不如死得有些意义。”",
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                   "note": "甘地主义的哲学基础是人性本善，实质是以吃苦隐忍的精神、以道义的力量邀请对方共同遵守人类的文明准则。问题是，人性本恶还是本善依然是恒古争论的问题，所以在实践中，非暴力抗争能否成功需要运气，视乎对手是谁。",
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                   "note": "成就甘地印度国父和世界圣人地位的，与其说是甘地自己和他的追随者，还不如说是英国人，因为甘地那一套，只有对付英国人才有效。",
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                   "note": "乔治•奥威尔曾以苏联为例，指出唯有英国治下才能产生甘地，这需要新闻自由和集会权利保障群众运动的形成，进而吸引外界注意。而苏联版的甘地会在半夜被内务人民委员会的车带走，从此人世蒸发。其实，仅换在法国殖民地，等待甘地的必将是长年囚禁或者断头台。",
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                   "note": "尽管甘地多次入狱，但都受到了当局的文明对待，在狱中有特权，更未受皮肉之苦和思想改造。自始至终，甘地都享受到基本权利，他始终是西方新闻界的宠儿，英国大众对他也是宽容的，即便是因他抵制进口服装而失业的工人。",
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                   "note": "1931年，夏伊勒全程陪同了甘地的英国之行，近距离见证甘地受到的待遇。火车一到伦敦，就有数千名支持者来欢迎他，印度事务部的官员给他当司机，汽车刚到旅馆，即发现几百人伫立雨中等候，旅馆大厅里更是聚集了来自议会、政府、国王、教会、工会、新闻界的1500多人。",
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                   "note": "在甘地“坚持真理”的运动中，其中有一次著名的“食盐长征”。1930年甘地带领成千上万的信众来到丹地海岸自制食盐，导致5万人被捕入狱。而他的信奉者，女诗人萨罗吉尼奈杜则率领 2500名志愿者向苏拉特进军，准备占领那里的巨型盐场。",
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                   "osize": {},
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                   "note": "美联社记者韦布米勒给我们记录了当时的情况：“甘地的信奉者们默默地前进，在离围栏大约100码的地方停了下来。经过挑选的一队志愿者从人群中走出来，他们越过壕沟，向铁丝网靠近……突然，一声令下，一大群印度警察扑向迎面而来的示威群众，他们手中的包铁长棒雨点般地落在志愿者的头上。",
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                   "note": "没有一名示威者举起那怕一只胳膊抵挡一下落在头上的棍棒。他们像九柱戏里的木柱一样栽倒在地……但示威者只管前进，直到被打倒为止。”",
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                   "title": "",
                   "note": "这是人类历史上一次典型的以灵魂的力量抵御暴力的感人尝试，它的意义在于施暴的一方由此认识到了弱者心灵的伟大，不仅放弃了食盐法，而且沮丧地认为，他们在这次事件中“丢尽了英国人的脸”。可是，如果对手不是“要脸”英国人呢？",
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                   "note": "历史学家保罗•约翰逊说得很刻薄：甘地的全部事业证明了英国统治并非压迫性统治，他只能在英国自由主义的保护下兴风作浪。",
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                   "note": "甘地的“非暴力不合作”享誉全球，基本上遮蔽了人们对他另一些方面的了解，关于他具体的政治和社会观念大家知之不多，他对家庭、婚姻与情欲看法更是鲜为人知。",
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                   "note": "甘地对于“现代工业社会”相当厌恶，他认为这是一切罪恶的根源，是文明的倒退，野蛮的社会，使得人们重视物质欲望，不断堕落，抛弃了宗教与道德。所以他反对在印度发展工商业，“如果发展工业，还不如把钱送到曼彻斯特去。”",
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                   "note": "他心目中的理想社会：国家由一个个神治村社的松散联盟构成，建筑于道德与精神之上，以“自给自足”的自然经济为基础，坚决摒弃工业，只要做到这些，将人人友爱，没有剥削。",
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                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GHP84T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GHP84T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "甘地在对待妇女方面有他开明的一面，与印度传统迥异，他支持摒弃损害妇女权益的诸多陋习。但他却又希望保留剥夺人平等的种姓制，他认为职业传承能使人安分守旧。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AH54GI654T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GI654T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GI654T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GI654T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GI654T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "晚年甘地宣称为了考验自己的禁欲毅力，与年轻貌美的多名女子裸身同寝，有一位还是侄孙之妻。双方都宣称没有发生任何事，这让很多人感到匪夷所思。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AH54GIN44T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GIN44T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GIN44T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GIN44T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GIN44T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "不可否认，甘地确实阻止了暴力的进一步蔓延，非暴力运动也取得了实质性成果，比如1931年的《德里协定》。但是，于整个印度民族独立运动而言，甘地的非暴力抗争究竟有多大的贡献？",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AH54GJ5S4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GJ5S4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GJ5S4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GJ5S4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GJ5S4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "实际上，甘地在1930年代即已脱离了印度独立运动的实际领导层，真正的领导是尼赫鲁。尼赫鲁很难说是一个非暴力主义者，印度独立运动中不乏流血冲突，特别在后期“退出印度运动”。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AH54GJMK4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GJMK4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GJMK4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GJMK4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GJMK4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "乔治·奥威尔对甘地的非暴力不合作还做出了另一番的解释。他认为甘地的非暴力不合作运动反而使得英国对印度的统治更为容易，而非抗争带来压力，因为甘地“反对采取任何可能引发争执的行动”。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AH54GK6T4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GK6T4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GK6T4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GK6T4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GK6T4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "从英国人的角度看，这意味着印度人根本无法采取任何有效的行动—所以，他被英国人认为是“自己人”。英国人在私下里也都承认这一点。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AH54GKMI4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GKMI4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GKMI4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GKMI4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GKMI4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "此外，甘地的非暴力主义也无法阻止冲突和杀戮。 在甘地领导印度独立运动的40多年里，警民总共将近8000人死亡。但在英国人撤离的一年之内，印人自相残杀却达近100万人。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AH54GL5K4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GL5K4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GL5K4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GL5K4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GL5K4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "1948年1月12日甘地又一次宣布将绝食“至死”，这是他一生16次绝食的最后一次，也是他最后一次施展非暴力的魔力，用自戕来恳求他的同胞，告诉他们对和睦和宽容。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AH54GLL74T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GLL74T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GLL74T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GLL74T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GLL74T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "他信誓旦旦说非暴力绝不会导致丢命，但一个激进分子枪杀了他。英国宣布是印度教徒所为，避免了该事件成为更大规模屠杀的催化剂。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "AH54GM8J4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GM8J4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GM8J4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GM8J4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-01-29/AH54GM8J4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "保罗•约翰逊说：“甘地的怪癖对一个尊崇灵异的国家非常合适，但是他的主张对印度问题和印度的未来没有帮助。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
            ]
        }