上山下乡：被荒废的青春

2014-12-25 10:58

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标签：上山下乡文革

1968年12月，毛泽东下达了“知识青年到农村去，接受贫下中农的再教育，很有必要”的指示，上山下乡运动大规模展开，1968年当年在校的初中和高中生，全部前往农村。点击看更多军事历史内容

上山下乡：被荒废的青春

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文革时的教科书：题前都有毛语录

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                "prevue": "1968年12月，毛泽东下达了“知识青年到农村去，接受贫下中农的再教育，很有必要”的指示，上山下乡运动大规模展开，1968年当年在校的初中和高中生，全部前往农村。<a href=＂http://war.163.com/special/mh/＂>点击看更多军事历史内容</a>",
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                   "note": "“文革”期间的知青上山下乡运动在总体上可谓是一场既悲且壮的活剧，是一次培养和造就一代反修防修新人的不成功的探索，是社会主义革命和建设过程中一次不成功的尝试。",
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                   "note": "上山下乡运动最早可以追溯到1955年，六十名北京青年组成了青年志愿垦荒队，远赴黑龙江省去垦荒。中国共产主义青年团中央于8月30日为他们举行了盛大的欢送会。团中央书记胡耀邦在欢送会上把“北京市青年志愿垦荒队”的队旗授予这批青年。",
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                   "note": "当时，政府鼓励知识青年“上山下乡”，“自愿到条件艰苦的农村去锻炼自己”，把邢燕子等人做为典型模范在青年人中大为宣传。",
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                   "note": "真正有组织、大规模地把大批城镇青年送到农村去，则是在文革后期，毛泽东决定给红卫兵运动刹车的时候。",
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                   "note": "1968年12月，毛泽东下达了“知识青年到农村去，接受贫下中农的再教育，很有必要”的指示，上山下乡运动大规模展开，1968年当年在校的初中和高中生（1966、1967、1968年三届学生，后来被称为“老三届”），几乎全部前往农村。",
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                   "note": "知青下乡补贴",
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                   "note": "文革中上山下乡的知识青年总人数达到1600多万人，十分之一的城市人口来到了乡村。这是人类现代历史上罕见的从城市到乡村的人口大迁移。全国城市居民家庭中，几乎没有一家不和“知青”下乡联系在一起。",
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                   "note": "在当时，有一部分青年是“满怀热血”地投入到这场运动中，所谓“满怀豪情下农村”，“紧跟统帅毛主席，广阔天地炼忠心”。但更多城市青年是被政府强制离家、迁往农村的。",
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                   "note": "与其在城市的生活相比较，知青们普遍感觉在农村生活很艰苦，他们在贫困的农村地区当然无法继续接受正常的知识教育，文化生活也几乎没有，他们和当地农民的关系也远非融洽。",
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                   "note": "“上山下乡”的“知青”当中，大部份是到农村“插队落户”，但还有一部份虽然也是务农，过的却是“生产建设兵团”的准军事化生活，他们的状况与“插队知青”有很大不同。",
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                   "note": "生产建设兵团”虽有“屯垦”的功能，但却非正规军队，它同时兼具安排城市失业青年就业和备战的目的。",
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                ,
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                   "note": "“林彪事件”爆发后，有的知青开始怀疑上山下乡的正确性，觉得自己充当了一种错误决策的试验品和牺牲品。他们无心独自担起反修防修而在农村劳作终生的殊荣，以为，他们这代人为缩小三大差别已奉献够多，因而提出“落实政策”即返城的要求。",
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                   "note": "进入70年代以后，开始允许知识青年以招工、考试、病退、顶职、独生子女、身边无人、工农兵学员等各种各样名目繁多的名义逐步返回城市。",
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                   "note": "到70年代后期，出现了大规模的的抗争，知青们通过请愿、罢工、卧轨、甚至绝食等方式的抗争强烈要求回城，其中以在西双版纳的抗争最为出名。",
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                   "note": "1978年10月，全国知识青年上山下乡工作会议决定停止上山下乡运动并妥善安置知青的回城和就业问题。1979年后，绝大部分知青陆续返回了城市，也有部分人在农村结婚“落户”，永远地留在了农村。",
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                   "note": "有人因为害怕不被政府允许返回城市，所以即使和人同居并有了孩子也不登记结婚。据统计由于各种原因滞留农村边疆的知青约有数十万人。",
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                   "note": "对于上千万的知青回城，某些官员担心的城市因容纳不下这么多人而引发的大规模混乱。八十年代初骤然强化的计划生育政策在一定程度上是对知青返城后产生的就业压力的一种反应。",
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                   "note": "上山下乡虽然暂时缓解了城镇的就业压力，毛泽东借此达到了解散红卫兵组织的目的，但是几千万年轻人的青春被荒废，无数家庭被强行拆散，这场运动也造成了各个层面的社会混乱。",
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                   "note": "由于无数本应成为学者专家的年轻人莫名其妙地在乡间长期务农，八十年代以后出现了知识断代，学术研究后继乏人的现象。",
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                   "note": "上山下乡运动令一些曾经积极参与过文革运动的城市年轻人经过在农村的艰苦生活后，意识到自己被人所欺骗利用，至此彻底放弃了曾经坚信不疑的理想，中国社会在改革开放后的道德失序可以在此找到部分根源。",
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                   "title": "",
                   "note": "这场运动改写了几代人的命运。",
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