北极熊的野心

2015-11-06 10:16

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标签：俄罗斯中国领土

《瑷珲条约》签订后，俄国不费一枪一弹“从中国夺取了一块大小等于法德两国面积的领土和一条同多瑙河一样长的河流”。点击看更多《镜鉴记》内容

北极熊的野心

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                   "note": "以清朝疆域为基本版图标准，中俄领土争端可以从《尼布楚条约》开始说起。",
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                   "note": "16世纪后期，沙俄的野心扩张到西伯利亚地区。1636年俄罗斯人到达鄂霍次克海，征服了西伯利亚全境，此时，沙俄势力与中国有了直接的接触。此后，俄军开始多次侵占骚扰雅克萨和松花江口一带。",
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                   "note": "当时中国正处于康熙年间，国力强盛，1685年，清康熙帝在平定“三藩之乱”后，派将军朋春5月22日从瑷珲起兵三千人，5月25日攻入雅克萨。之后清军撤军而俄军卷土重来，1686年清军两千再攻雅克萨，并重创俄军。",
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                   "note": "1689年中俄签订了第一个领土条约《尼布楚条约》。规定以格尔必齐河和外兴安岭为中俄两国国界，外兴安岭以南为中国领土。明确规定额尔古纳河以东、外兴安岭直到鄂霍次克海以南的黑龙江流域及乌苏里流域(包括库页岛在内)的广大领土，都属中国疆域。",
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                   "note": "在此之后，两国边界平静了一百多年。但侵吞大清国黑龙江地区，夺取通往太平洋的出海口，是历代沙俄政府的一贯图谋。",
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                   "note": "鸦片战争后，清朝国力大不如前。俄罗斯加紧其侵略黑龙江的活动。1850年，俄国侵占了位于黑龙江口的庙街。1854年，俄国以防英法海军进攻为借口，出动七十余艘舰船武装航行黑龙江，占领黑龙江下游地区。",
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                   "note": "1858年清政府与俄国签订《瑷珲条约》，外兴安岭以南、黑龙江以北中国60多万平方公里领土割给俄国，把乌苏里江以东直至海边的中国领土，划为中俄共管之地，但居住在黑龙江北“江东六十四屯”的中国人照旧“永远居住”，仍由中国管辖。",
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                   "note": "由于《瑷珲条约》未写明河道水面的分界方式，沙俄私自在地图上将黑龙江和乌苏里江划为自己的内河。这也成为后来标定两国精确边界一切麻烦的来源。文革时候大动干戈的珍宝岛、后来吵嚷不休的黑瞎子岛，都只是这些江面上的沙洲小岛罢了，真的大好江山早已经拱手让人了。",
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                   "note": "按照清朝当局事先给与奕山的命令，奕山根本无权与俄罗斯签订条约。因此，清政府没有批准《瑷珲条约》，并在事后对奕山等人予以处分。",
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                   "note": "1860年夏沙俄又强占海参崴一带。随后的《中俄北京条约》不仅认可了《瑷珲条约》，还把乌苏里江以东40万平方公里的中国领土划归俄国。",
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                   "note": "《中俄北京条约》确定国界后，要设立八块界碑。负责树碑的清朝官员吉勒图堪勘界中烟瘾发作，要求到宁古塔置办鸦片，然后擅自离开。俄方人员遂任意把界碑移向中国境内，中国彻底失去图们江入海口。虽然距日本海仅15公里，吉林依旧成为内陆省份。",
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                   "note": "《瑷珲条约》是中国近代史上一次性割让领土最多的条约。它使中国的领土、主权蒙受重大损害，正如恩格斯所说，俄国不费一枪一弹“从中国夺取了一块大小等于法德两国面积的领土和一条同多瑙河一样长的河流”。",
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                   "note": "1864年，借新疆回乱之际，强迫中国签订《勘分西北界约记》，割让西北40多万平方公里土地。1865年，俄国武力占领伊犁等地，后经多次谈判，两国签订《伊犁条约》，俄军虽退出伊犁城，但中国仍然被迫割让了霍尔果斯河以西大片土地。",
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                   "note": "1884年沙俄强迫清政府于新玛尔噶拉(今吉尔吉斯斯坦费尔干纳)签订《中俄续勘喀什噶尔界约》，将喀什噶尔（今新疆喀什）北部阿克赛河一带的中国领土划入俄国版图，还为日后沙俄进一步侵占乌孜别里山口以南的中国领土埋下了伏笔。",
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                   "note": "1900年义和团运动兴起，清政府无暇兼顾东北情势，沙俄遂派兵制造了江东六十四屯惨案和海兰泡惨案。1914年6月，俄军侵入唐努乌梁海，尼古拉二世宣布唐努乌梁海地区归俄罗斯所有。需要特别指出的是这两处被侵占的地区不仅当时中国的北京政府未予承认，以后历届中国政府也从未声明放弃对这一地区的主权。",
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                   "note": "1911年沙俄乘辛亥革命爆发之际，强迫黑龙江巡抚签订《满洲里界约》，强占满洲里地区1400余平方公里土地，同时借口额尔古纳河向俄方移动，以臆造的额尔古纳河旧河道为界，将河中中国一侧的阿巴该图洲渚划归俄国。此时正值辛亥革命，俄国竟趁机强称不必经中央政府批准，条约直接生效。",
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                   "note": "1911年12月沙俄策动外蒙古分裂主义分子宣布“独立”。1913年11月5日迫使中国政府签订了《中俄声明》文件，承认外蒙古所谓的“自治权”和沙俄对外蒙古的实际控制。蒙古走出了迈向分裂独立的第一步。",
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                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "B7M5V4CN4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5V4CN4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5V4CN4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5V4CN4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5V4CN4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "1921年5月，苏联红军进入外蒙古。7月10日，蒙古上层王公与蒙古人民党共同组建了“蒙古人民革命政府”，宣布“独立”和建立“蒙古国”。消息传到内地，舆论哗然。当时的北京政府发布了一份措词严厉的声明，谴责外蒙古企图分裂中华民国的行径，不承认外蒙古的“独立”。在当时混乱的国内局势下，中国也只能发表一纸声明，聊以自慰一下。",
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                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "B7M5V63Q4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5V63Q4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5V63Q4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5V63Q4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5V63Q4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "1917年俄国十月革命后，苏联政府宣称废除沙皇政府强加给中国的一切不平等条约并放弃帝俄在中国侵占的领土。曹锟的北京政府与苏联政府于1924年5月21日签订了《中苏解决悬案大纲协定》规定，协定签字后一个月内，双方举行会议，商订解决所有悬案的详细办法。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "B7M5V83C4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5V83C4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5V83C4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5V83C4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5V83C4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "两国政府同意在上述会议中，将中国政府与前帝俄政府所订一切条约概行废止，根据相互平等原则及苏俄两次对华宣言的精神，重新订约。但苏联很快就反悔了。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "B7M5VA1R4T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5VA1R4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5VA1R4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5VA1R4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5VA1R4T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "1925年5月20日，苏联日本签订建交协定，承认日俄双方践踏中国主权的《朴茨茅斯和约》仍然有效，中苏解决悬案大纲成为一纸空文。1925年8月16日中苏召开了落实协议的会议，开幕第二天，苏联代表即离开会场并离开北京。会议毫不意外的无果而终。",
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                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "B7M5VC034T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5VC034T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5VC034T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5VC034T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5VC034T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "1945年雅尔塔会议，美英两国在中国不在场的情况下私下同意苏联维持外蒙古现状的要求。1945年10月，外蒙古当局决定举行是否独立进行全民投票。结果在苏联大兵的严密监督下，这些需要公开主张并且签名的投票者“百分之百”拥护外蒙古独立。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "B7M5VE084T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5VE084T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5VE084T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5VE084T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-05/B7M5VE084T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "1994年9月，《中俄西段国界协定》签署；2004年《关于中俄国界东段的补充协定》签订并得到俄国杜马和中国人大的批准。根据补充协定，中俄最后一部分有争议的边界土地，包括位于黑龙江和乌苏里江交界处的黑瞎子岛和靠近内蒙古满洲里的阿巴该图洲渚在内近375平方公里，双方将各得约一半。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "B7NIODK34T8E0001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-06/B7NIODK34T8E0001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-06/B7NIODK34T8E0001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-06/B7NIODK34T8E0001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2015-11-06/B7NIODK34T8E0001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "<ahref=”http://war.163.com/special/jingjian/”>点击看更多《镜鉴记》内容</a>",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
            ]
        }